DNS Caches
This article shows how to get browser and OS DNS caches.
According to Cloudflare docs, the sequence of a DNS query from Chrome to the recursive resolver looks something like this:
1 2 3 4 Check browser DNS cache --miss--> Check OS DNS cache --miss--> Recursive resolver | | V V hit hit Firefox DNS Cache Firefox’s DNS cache about:networking#dns can be flushed with a button and lists entries.
Chrome DNS Cache Chrome’s DNS cache chrome://net-internals/#dns can be flushed with a button.